Grammar

l ** The Present Perfect Tense ** 1. We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experiences. It is important if we have done it in our lives or not. It is not important when we did it.

**I have been Africa two times.** // (We often use never and ever with the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experience.) // 2. We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about an action which started in the past and continuous up to now.

// ( //// We often use since and for to say how long the action has lasted.) // 3. We also use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about a past action that has the result in the present. // ( //// We often use just, already and yet with the Present Perfect Tense for an action in the past with the result in the present.) //
 * I have been an airplane for more than ten hours.**
 * //I// have lost my wallet. = I don't have it now. **

l ** Simple Past Tense ** To make the simple past tense, we use: In this Graph, you can see examples of the **past form** and **base form** for irregular verbs and regular verbs: ** Explode ** ** like ** || ** Worked ** ** Exploded ** ** liked ** || Worked Exploded liked || The past form for all regular verbs ends in -ed. || ** See ** ** sing ** || ** Went ** ** Saw ** ** sang ** || Gone Seen sung || The past form for irregular verbs is variable. You need to learn it by heart. ||
 * ** past form ** onlyor
 * auxiliary **did + base form**
 * || ** V1base ** || ** V2past ** || ** V3 past participle ** ||  ||
 * regular verb || ** Work **
 * irregular verb || ** Go **
 * I stayed in luxury hotel.
 * I went hunting last weekend

ex) I was lonely. Was he in London?  They weren’t worng.
 * || ** Subject ** || ** main verb ** ||  ||   ||
 * + || I, he/she/it || was ||   || here. ||
 * ^  || You, we, they || were ||   || in London. ||
 * - || I, he/she/it || was || not || there. ||
 * ^  || You, we, they || were || not || happy. ||
 * ? || Was || I, he/she/it ||   || right? ||
 * ^  || Were || you, we, they ||   || late? ||

l ** Relative Clauses **

We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without starting another sentence. We can make relative clauses by using a relative pronoun.
 * Relative Pronouns **
 * Relative pronoun || Use || Example ||
 * **Who** || subject or object pronoun for people || //I told you about the woman who sat next to me.// ||
 * **which** || subject or object pronoun for animals and things || //Did you see the lion which is lying on the roof?// ||
 * **which** || referring to a whole sentence || //It couldn’t run fast which surprised me.// ||
 * **whose** || possession for people, animals and things || //Did you know the boy whose mother is a tour guide?// ||
 * **whom** || object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who) || //I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.// ||
 * **that** || subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible) || //I didn’t like the dish that was served in the restaurant.// ||